Please continue to follow the general
advice on reading assignments from the
first week's assignment.
Reading assignment:
For these two weeks we will be covering reversible, "adiabatic" circuit
technology. Our discussion will focus on showing how adiabatic reversible
logic can be implemented using traditional silicon MOSFET technology, but
the basic ideas and principles of reversible computing that we'll encounter
here will be extensible to a wide variety of alternative future computing
technologies as well.
Lecture 12:
Basic Principles of Adiabatic Circuits (Slides in PDF
here)
-
pp. 147-148 of Chapter 7, "Adiabatic circuits," in course manuscript: Michael
Frank, "Reversibility
for Efficient Computing," manuscript of Dec. 1999. Available as the
green course reader at the bookstore, also online at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mpf/manuscript.
-
Section 7.2, "Historical development of adiabatic circuits," pp. 166-170
of the course manuscript (ibid.).
-
Section 7.3, "A comment on terminology," pp. 170-171 of course manuscript.
-
Section 7.4, "Basic principles of adiabatic circuits," pp. 171-174 of course
manuscript.
-
Section 7.2 (pp. 238-256), "Energy Use and Heat Loss in Computers", in
Anthony Hey (ed), Robin Allen (ed), and Richard Feynman, Feynman
Lectures on Computation, Perseus Books, Sep. 1996. (In bookstore.)
-
Chapter 2, "Quasistatic switching in CMOS," of Saed G. Younis, "Asymptotically
Zero Energy Computing Using Split-Level Charge Recovery Logic," Postscript
format online at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mpf/younis-phd.ps.
A good technical overview of adiabatic switching from a leading textbook:
-
Lars Svensson, "Adiabatic Switching," chapter 6 of Anantha Chandrakasan
and Robert Brodersen, Low Power Digital CMOS Design, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1995. Chapter will be on reserve.
These guys actually made sensitive experimental measurements (using Peltier
coolers) verifying the predicted low energy dissipation of adiabatic circuits:
-
Paul Solomon and David Frank, "Power measurements of adiabatic circuits
by thermoelectric technique," Symposium on Low Power Electronics,
pp. 18-19, 1995. Will be on reserve.
Lecture 13: Split-level
charge recovery logic (Slides in PDF here)
A detailed example of a pipelineable, fully reversible, universal logic
family.
-
Section 7.5, "The SCRL technique," pp. 174-180 of course manuscript.
-
Section 7.6, "SCRL circuit analyses," pp. 180-199 of course manuscript.
-
Saed G. Younis and Thomas F. Knight, Jr., "Asymptotically zero energy split-level
charge recovery logic," International Workshop on Low Power Design,
1994, pp. 177-182. PDF at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mpf/scrl94.pdf.
-
Chapter 4, "Split-Level Charge Recovery Logic," of Saed G. Younis, "Asymptotically
Zero Energy Computing Using Split-Level Charge Recovery Logic," Postscript
format online at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mpf/younis-phd.ps.
Lecture 14: Accomodating
Reversibility in Logic Designs (Slides in PDF here)
To understand how it is possible to build complex computational circuits
using only logically reversible gates, you first should understand a little
more about the general theory of reversible computing.
-
Section 3.3.1, "Reversible models of computation" (p. 59), 3.3.2, "computability
in reversible models" (pp. 59-61), and 3.3.4, "reversible entropic complexity"
(pp. 62-63) in course manuscript.
The following Feynman chapter was assigned earlier in week 2, but if you
didn't read it all then, you might want to look through it again over the
course of this week and next.
-
Chapter 5, "Reversible Computation and the Thermodynamics of Computing",
of Anthony Hey (ed), Robin Allen (ed), and Richard Feynman, Feynman
Lectures on Computation, Perseus Books, Sep. 1996.
The following historic paper first established that it is theoretically
possible to compute in an entirely logically-reversible fashion without
accumulating garbage information (digital entropy).
-
Charles H. Bennett, "Logical reversibility of computation," IBM Journal
of Research and Development, 17(6):525-532, 1973. Will be on
reserve.
This next paper applies the same insights to a boolean logic-circuit model
of computation, showing that reversible boolean circuits are capable of
universal computation.
-
Tommaso Toffoli, "Reversible computing," MIT Lab for Computer Science technical
memo MIT/LCS/TM-151, Feb. 1980. Will be on reserve.
Next is a very simple example of a programmable, universal, parallel reversible
processor that is a proof-of-concept that such a thing can indeed be built
using SCRL. This circuit can be programmed to simulate any reversible circuit.
-
Section 7.7, "Experimental SCRL circuits," pp. 199-208 of course manuscript.
-
Appendix A, "FlatTop processor schematics and layouts," pp. 267-274 of
course maniscript.
Lecture
15: More on Adiabatic Circuits (Slides in PDF here)
If you're really that interested, the following describes the design
of an entire reversible RISC-style CPU using SCRL.
Here's Hall's 1992 paper on a not fully-pipelined, but otherwise fine adiabatic
circuit style based on abstract swiches (which could actually be implemented
in CMOS using transmission gates and dual-rail signals). Even in a more
heavily pipelined reversible architecture like SCRL, this "retractile cascade"
idea is still useful within individual pipeline stages. The idea also permits
avoiding the order N2 delay elements that would be required
in a reversible N-bit adder in pure fully-pipelined style such as SCRL.
-
J. Storrs Hall, "An Electroid Switching Model for Reversible Computer Architectures,"
PhysComp '92 (Proceedings of the Workshop on Physics and Computation),
pp. 237-247. PDF format: paper,
figures 1-4,
5-8,
9-10,
11,
12.
Lecture 16: Issues
in Designing Efficient Resonant Power Supplies (Slides in PDF
here)
-
Section 7.8, "Resonant power supply techniques," pp. 208-209 of course
manuscript.
-
Sections 2.4-2.7, "Ramp Generators," "Sinusoidal Ramp Generator," "Stepwise
Ramp Generator," and "Alternate Power Switches," in Younis '94, Asymptotically
Zero-Energy Computing Using Split-Level Charge Recovery Logic.
-
Sections 6.4, "Stepwise charging", and 6.5, "Pulsed-Power Supplies", of
Svensson '95, "Adiabatic
switching," on reserve.
The following papers describe a resonant clock-waveform generation technique.
Although these papers focus on square wave generation, the same technique
can also be used to approximate any desired periodic waveform, including
the trapezoidal waveforms required for driving adiabatic circuits.
-
Matthew Becker and Thomas Knight, "Transmission line clock driver," Power
Driven Microarchitecture Workshop, pp. 80-85, 1998. Will be on reserve.
-
Matthew Becker and Thomas Knight, "Transmission line clock driver," IMAPS
Int'l Advanced Technology Workshop on Flip Chip Technology, 1999. Will
be on reserve.
The following web page presents some data I gathered in late 1997 regarding
the suitability (or lack thereof) of MEMS switches/relays for use in adiabatic
circuits. Better MEMS switches than these are probably available by now.
Lecture 17: Adiabatic
Circuits: Wrap-Up (Slides in PDF here)
-
Section 7.9, "Scaling SCRL to future technology generations," pp. 209-211
of course manuscript.
-
Section 7.10, "Mostly reversible computation," pp. 211-212 of course manuscript.
-
Section 7.11, "Adiabatic Circuits--Conclusion," pp. 212-213 of course manuscript.
Additional Resources
Here are some web links where you can find additional papers, information,
and resources on adiabatic circuits and reversible logic.
Written assignment #5: (due Mon. 2/21)
This is our standing written assignment. It should be on the subject
of the above lectures and reading material.