CIS 6930.3753X Spr.'02
Readings for Part IV:
Potential Future Computing Technologies

Continue following the general advice on reading assignments from the first readings page.

Index to the below:

Lecture 15: Superconducting electronics I: Basics of superconductors
Lecture 16: Superconducting electronics II: Circuits & logic styles
Lecture 17: Mesoscale bulk electronics: Quantum dots, single-electron transistors, etc.
Lecture 18: Misc. nanoelectronics: Future semi. structs, quantum-dot cellular automata, spintronics, ...
Lecture 19: Helical logic & nano-mechanical logics
Lecture 20: Molecular electronics: Buckytubes, tour wires, etc. A little on optical & biochemical computing.

Lecture 15: Superconducting electronics I: Basics of superconductors:

Lecture slides: PhysLimL15.ppt
Homework: Lec15-20-hw.html.
Readings from course texts:

Carver Mead, "Collective Electrodynamics I", Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6013-6018, June 1997. Reprinted as chapter 4 of Anthony Hey, ed., Feynman and Computation (in bookstore).

Here's a little bit of background information on the properties of superconductors.

Section 14-1, "Superconductivity," pp. 484-492 of Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (Second Edition), Wiley, 1985. Section will be on reserve.

This chapter from the famous Feynman Lectures on Physics contains further depth and discusses the Josephson junction, which is the primary active element in most superconducting circuits.

Chapter 21, "The Schroedinger Equation in a Classical Context: A Seminar on Superconductivity," in Richard Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume III, Addison-Wesley, 1965. Chapter will be on reserve.

Here is a paper on (relatively) high-temperature superconducting devices.

Alex Braginski, "High Temperature Josephson Devices," Physica C nos. 185-189 (1991), pp. 391-400. North-Holland. Scanned PDF.

Lecture 16: Superconducting electronics II: Circuits & logic styles:

Lecture slides: PhysLimL16.ppt
Homework: Lec15-20-hw.html.

This article describes an early Josephson-junction logic style that is reversible and is shown to be capable of less than kT dissipation per operation.

Konstantin Likharev, "Classical and Quantum Limitations on Energy Consumption in Computation," International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 21(3/4):311-326, 1982. Scanned PDF.

This brief introductory article describes a later, more thoroughly developed Josephson-junction logic technique, "Rapid Single Flux Quantum", that has been experimentally verified to operate at frequencies in the hundreds of gigahertz.

Konstantin Likharev, "RSFQ: Motivation," Oct. 1999, ftp://rsfq1.physics.sunysb.edu/pub/ForWeb99/RSFQWriteup.htm.

This is a longer, more detailed and technical review of the RSFQ technique.

Konstantin Likharev, "Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum Logic", 1994, http://pavel.physics.sunysb.edu/RSFQ/Research/WhatIs/rsfqre2m.html.

This paper describes how RSFQ is being used in a planned PetaFLOPS-scale supercomputer.

P. Bunyk et al., "RSFQ subsystem for petaflops-scale computing: `COOL-0'." In Proc. 3rd Petaflop Workshop, pages 3-9, Annapolis, MD, February 1999. http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mpf/cool0.pdf.

And, here is a web page with a rich archive of other papers on RSFQ.

Dimitry Zinoviev, "RSFQ @ SUNY: Publications," http://pavel.physics.sunysb.edu/RSFQ/publications.html.

A new research effort to SUNY to actually build some reversible and quantum superconducting logics.

Dmitri Averin, "Reversible computing using superconducting quantum devices," proposal excerpt, PS, PDF.

Lecture 17: Mesoscale bulk electronics: Quantum dots, single-electron transistors, etc.

Lecture slides: PhysLimL17.ppt
Lecture notes: Leftover from Y2K's lecture #10: http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mpf/lec10.html
Homework: Lec15-20-hw.html.

The best survey article I know of on this area so far is the MITRE research organization's report on nanoelectronic devices, below. This article has numerous references to lots of other articles you can obtain to get more depth. The only problem is that it only relates developments through 1997.

David Goldhaber-Gordon et al., "Overview of Nanoelectronic Devices," Proceedings of the IEEE, April 1997. Online at http://www.mitre.org/support/papers/nano_overview.

J. C. Ellenbogen, "A Brief Overview of Nanoelectronic Devices," Jan 1998. http://www.mitre.org/technology/nanotech/GOMAC98_article.html.

Various "Single-electron" devices:

R. J. Schoelkopf et al., "The Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Transistor (RF-SET): A Fast and Ultrasensitive Electrometer," Science 280:1238, 1998. PDF at author's website.
K. K. Likharev and A. N. Korotkov, "Single-electron parametron: Reversible Computation in a Discrete-State System," Science 273:763-765, 9 Aug. 1996. Scanned PDF. An idea for a device based on single-electron tunneling between islands. The authors analyze its dissipation and show that it can be less than kT (this is possible because the device is reversible).
K. K. Likharev and Tord Claeson, "Single electronics," Scientific American, June 1992.
Robert F. Service, "Computers: Making Single Electrons Compute," Science275(5298):303-304, 17 Jan. 1997.

Here are some other miscellaneous articles I have.

Leo Kouwenhoven, "Shot Noise in Quantum Conductors," Science 271:1689-1690, 22 March 1996.
P. N. Louskinovich et al., "Nanoelectronics Based on Scanning Tunneling Microscopy," 1992 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 144-145.
Robert R. Birge et al., "Quantum effects, thermal statistics and reliability of nanoscale molecular and semiconductor devices," Nanotechnology2(2):73-87, 1991. You can access the journal from UF.
James H. Luscombe and William R. Frensley, "Models for nanoelectronic devices," Nanotechnology1:131-140, 1990. You can access the journal from UF.
R. T. Bate, "Nanoelectronics," Nanotechnology 1:1-7, 1990. You can access the journal from UF.

Lecture 18: Nanoelectronics cont.: Future semiconductor structures, Quantum dot cellular automata, spintronics, ...

Lecture slides: PhysLimL18.ppt
Lecture notes: From Y2K's lecture #11: http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~mpf/lec11.html
Homework: Lec15-20-hw.html.

Future semiconductor structures:

Jim Hutchby (SRC), ITRS presentation, "PIDS ITWG: Emerging Research Devices," http://public.itrs.net/Files/2001WinterMeeting/Presentations/EmergeDevice.pdf, Nov. 29, 2001.
Section "Process Integration, Devices, and Structures and Emerging Research Devices," in International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2001 Edition, http://public.itrs.net/Files/2001ITRS/Home.htm.
Brandon Chase, "Semiconductors: Rushing the Double-Gate," Scientific American, March 1999, pp. 42-43.
Thomas H. Lee, "A Vertical Leap for Microchips," Scientific American, January 2002, pp. 52-59.
CNN, "Berkeley engineers report chip breakthrough," Nov. 1999, http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9911/23/transistor.reut/index.html.
Xuejue Huang et al, "Sub 50-nm FinFET: PMOS", International Electron Devices Meeting 1999, PDF@http://www-inst.EECS.Berkeley.EDU/~xuejue/iedm-paper-new.pdf.Advanced Cooling Systems for Use With Semiconductor Technology

Quantum dots, specifically:

Mark A. Reed, "Quantum Dots," Scientific American, Jan. 1993, pp. 118-123. Scanned PDF.
M. A. Reed et al., "Non-equilibrium quantum dots: transport," Nanotechnology1:63-66, 1990. You can access the journal from UF.

Quantum dot cellular automata:

G. L. Snider et al., "Quantum-dot cellular automata: Review and recent experiments", Journal of Applied Physics 85(8):4283-4285, Apr. 1999. Accessible on the web at this link, but you must access it from a .ufl.edu machine.

C. S. Lent and P. D. Tougaw, "A device architecture for computing with quantum dots," Proceedings of the IEEE 85:541, 1997. http://www.nd.edu/~qcahome/RePrints/QCAadia.pdf

Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata home page, http://www.nd.edu/~qcahome

Spin-based electronics:

Sankar das Sarma, "Spintronics," American Scientist, 89(6), Nov.-Dec. 2001. See http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Dassarma.html. You can find the physical magazine at Marston science library. There is a PDF of the article linked from http://www.physics.umd.edu/rgroups/spin/AmSci.pdf.
Mark Johnson, "The bipolar spin transistor," Nanotechnology 7:390-396, 1996. You can access the journal from UF.
Bandyopadhyay et al., "Supercomputing with spin-polarized single electrons in a quantum coupled architecture," Nanotechnology 5(2):113-133, Apr. 1994. Scanned PDF.
S. das Sarma et al., "Spin Electronics and Spin Computation," http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0105247, May 2001.

Lecture 19: Nanocomputing cont.: Helical & nanomechanical logics.

Lecture slides: PhysLimL19.ppt
Homework: Lec15-20-hw.html.

Helical logic:

Ralph C. Merkle and K. Eric Drexler, "Helical logic," Nanotechnology 7(4):325-339, 1996.

Nanomechanical logic:

"Nanomechanical Computational Systems," Chapter 12 of K. Eric Drexler, Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nanosystems.html. Scanned PDF in 2 parts: Part 1, Part 2.
R. C. Merkle, "Two types of mechanical reversible logic," Nanotechnology 4(2):114-131, April 1993. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/mechano.html
Warren Smith, "Classical reversible computation with zero Lyapunov exponent", Feb. 25, 1999. http://external.nj.nec.com/homepages/wds/pu-fred-lyap.ps.

Lecture 20: Molecular electronics

Lecture slides: PhysLimL20.ppt
Homework: Lec15-20-hw.html.

General reviews:

"Molecular Electronics Field Advances in 2001," Foresight Update47, http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update47/Update47.1.html#MolEl2001, Dec. 2001.
Philip Ball, "A little logic goes a long way," Nature, 9 Nov. 2001
Robert F. Service, "Molecules Get Wired," Science
Christine Peterson, "Taking Technology to the Molecular Level," IEEE Computer, Jan. 2000, pp. 46-53.

Organic molecule / self-assembled monolayer electronics:

Bell Labs press release, "Bell Labs Scientists Build the World's Smallest Transistor, Paving the Way for ``Nanoelectronics''", Nov. 8, 2001.

A single molecule transistor!

James Hathaway, "Electrical Conductivity of Single-Molecule ``Wires'' Accurately Measured Using New Technique," Arizona State University news release, Oct. 18, 2001.
Schon et al., "Self-Assembled Monolayer Organic Field-Effect Transistors," Nature413(6857):713-716, Oct. 18, 2001. Available through online course reverse at Marston.
Kenneth Chang, "Precursor to Tiniest Chip is Developed," New York Times, Oct. 18, 2001.
Bell Labs press release, "Bell Labs Scientists Usher in New Era of Molecular-Scale Electronics," http://www.bell-labs.com/news/2001/october/17/1.html.
Dan Rosewater & S. C. Goldstein, "A Molecular Latch for Digital Logic," Ninth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology. http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT9/Abstracts/Rosewater/
Chhavi Sachdev, "Molecule makes mini memory," TRN News, 15 Aug. 2001.
Steve Sampsell, "Research reveals potential of single switches to function as electronic switches," EurekaAlert article, 21 June 2001.
Z. J. Donhauser et al., "Conductance Switching in Single Molecules Through Confirmational Changes," Science 292(5525):2303-2307, June 22, 2001.
Srikanth Ranganathan et al., "Covalently Bonded Organic Monolayers on a Carbon Substrate: A New Paradigm for Molecular Electronics," Nano Letters 1(9):491-494, 15 June 2001. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/
"UCLA Teams Continues Advance Toward Molecular Computing," Foresight Update 44, p. 3, 1 Apr. 2001.
Mark A. Reed and James M. Tour, "Computing with Molecules", Scientific American, June 2000. http://www.sciam.com/2000/0600issue/0600reed.html
H. E. Katz and Z. Bao, "The Physical Chemistry of Organic Field-Effect Transistors," J. Phys. Chem. B 2000(104):671-678, 2000.
J. Chen et al., "Large On-Off Ratios and Negative Differential Resistance in a Molecular Electronic Device," Science 286:1550-1552, 19 November 1999. Scanned PDF.
James Ellenbogen & J. Christopher Love, "Architectures for molecular electronic computers: 1. Logic structures and an adder built from molecular electronic diodes.", MITRE corporation research report, 1999, http://www.mitre.org/centers/wc3/nanotech/Arch_for_MolecElec_Comp_1.html.
C. P. Collier et al., "Electronically Configurable Molecular-Based Logic Gates," Science, 16 July 1999, p. 391.
Marye Anne Fox, "Fundamentals in the Design of Molecular Electronic Devices: Long-Range Charge Carrier Transport and Electronic Coupling," Acc. Chem. Res., 32(3):201-207, 1999.
L. A. Bumm et al., "Are Single Molecular Wires Conducting?", Science271:1705-1707, 22 Mar. 1996.
J. A. Real et al., "Spin Crossover in a Catenane Supramolecular System," Science, 268:265-267, 14 Apr. 1995.
D. H. Waldeck and D. N. Beratan, "Molecular Electronics: Observation of Molecular Rectification," Science 261:576-577, 30 July 1993.
Stuard Hameroff et al., "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) Applications to Molecular Electronics," IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society 10th Annual International Conference, 1988.

Carbon nanotube electronics:

David Rotman, "The Nanotube Computer," Technology Review, March 2002, pp. 36-45, http://www.techreview.com/articles/rotman0302.asp.
J. B. Cul et al., "Room Temperature Single Electron Transistor by Local Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotubes," Nano Letters 2(2):117-120, Dec. 20, 2001. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/
Adrian Bachtold et al., "Logic Circuits with Carbon Nanotube Transistors," Science294:1317-1320, 9 Nov. 2001. Available through online course reverse at Marston.
IBM Research News, "IBM Researchers Build World's First Single-Molecule Computer Circuit," Aug. 26, 2001.
V. Derycke et al., "Carbon Nanotube Inter- and Intramolecular Logic Gates," Nano Latters, 1(9):453-456, Aug. 26, 2001.
R. Czerw et al., "Identification of Electron Donor States in N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes," Nano Letters 1(9):457-460, Aug. 11, 2001. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/
Philip Ball, "Physicists play the nanopipe," Nature science update, 9 Aug. 2001.
Serge G. Lemay et al., "Two-dimensional imaging of electronic wavefunctions in carbon nanotubes," Nature 412:617-620, 9 Aug. 2001. Available through online course reverse at Marston.
Ginger Pinholster, "Nano-transistor switches with just one electron, may be ideal for molecular computers, Science study shows," EurekaAlert, 5 Jul. 2001.
Zhen Yao et al. "Carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions," Nature402:273-276, 18 Nov. 1999.
M. Menon et al., "Fullerene-derived molecular electronic devices," Nanotechnology
Madhu Menon & Deepak Srivastava, "Carbon nanotube based molecular electronic devices," Journal of Materials Research 13(9):2357-2362, Sep. 1998. Scanned PDF.

Solid-state nanowire "molecular electronics":

Charles M. Lieber, "Nanowire Superlattices," Nano Letters, 21 Jan. 2002. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/
Yu Huang et al., "Gallium Nitride Nanowire Nanodevices," Nano Letters, 11 Jan. 2002. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/
M. T. Bjork et al., "One-dimensional Steeplechase for Electrons Realized," Nano Letters, 20 Dec. 2001. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/
Kenneth Chang, "Nanowires May Lead to Superfast Computer Chips," New York Times, Nov. 9, 2001.
Yu Huang et al., "Logic Gates and Computation from Assembled Nanowire Building Blocks," Science 294:1313-1317, 9 Nov. 2001. Available through online course reverse at Marston.

Molecular electronics architectures:

Jayne Fried, "UCLA Team Develops Molecular Switches, A Step Toward Powerful Molecular Computers," smalltimes, Oct. 26, 2001.
Kenneth Chang, "Clever Wiring Harnesses Tiny Switches," The New York Times, July 17, 2001. http://stm1.chem.psu.edu/~psw/news/NYTimes011701MolrSwitch.html
HP press release, "HP Awarded Key Molecular Electronics Patent," July 17, 2001.
Kuekes, et al., "Demultiplexer for a molecular wire crossbar network (MWCN DEMUX)", U.S. Patent #6,256,767
Seth Goldstein and Mihai Budiu, "NanoFabrics: Spatial Computing Using Molecular Electronics," Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), June 2001.
James C. Ellenbogen & J. Christopher Love, "Architectures for molecular electronic computers: 1. Logic structures and an adder built from molecular electronic diodes," MITRE report, July 1999.

Biomolecular computing, memory, etc.:

Dennis Bray, "Protein molecules as computational elements in living cells," Nature376:307-312, 27 July 1995. Scanned PDF.
Robert R. Birge, "Protein-Based Computers," Scientific American, March 1995, pp. 90-95. Scanned PDF.

DNA computing:

See reading list on DNA computing from Y2K edition of course, at: /~mpf/part-iv.html#dna

Misc. topics:

Thomas D. Schneider, "Theory of Molecular Machines: I. Channel Capacity of Molecular Machines," J. Theor. Biol. 148:83-123, 1991.
Thomas D. Schneider, "Theory of Molecular Machines: II. Energy Dissipation from Molecular Machines," J. Theor. Biol. 148:124-137, 1991.
Thomas D. Schneider, "Sequence Logos, Machine/Channel Capacity, Maxwell's Demon, and Molecular Computers: a Review of the Theory of Molecular Machines," Nanotechnology5(1):1-18, Jan. 1994.

CIS 6930.3753X Spr.'02 Readings for Part IV: Potential Future Computing Technologies